{"id":797,"date":"2023-05-03T18:25:07","date_gmt":"2023-05-03T14:25:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.oxuyan.az\/blog\/?p=797"},"modified":"2023-06-08T12:39:08","modified_gmt":"2023-06-08T08:39:08","slug":"xristofor-kolumbun-seyahetleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.oxuyan.az\/blog\/tehsil\/xristofor-kolumbun-seyahetleri\/","title":{"rendered":"Xristofor Kolumbun S\u0259yah\u0259tl\u0259ri"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

1492-1504-c\u00fc ill\u0259r aras\u0131nda italyan k\u0259\u015ffiyyat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Kristofer Kolumb Amerika qit\u0259sin\u0259 k\u0259\u015ff \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u00f6rd \u0130span transatlantik d\u0259niz ekspedisiyas\u0131na r\u0259hb\u0259rlik etmi\u015fdir. Bu s\u0259yah\u0259tl\u0259r Yeni D\u00fcnya haqq\u0131nda geni\u015f m\u0259lumat \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259y\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b oldu. Bu s\u0131\u00e7ray\u0131\u015f Amerika qit\u0259sinin m\u00fcst\u0259ml\u0259k\u0259l\u0259\u015fm\u0259si, \u0259laq\u0259li bioloji m\u00fcbadil\u0259 v\u0259 trans-Atlantik ticar\u0259ti g\u00f6r\u0259n K\u0259\u015ffl\u0259r \u018fsri kimi tan\u0131nan d\u00f6vr\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 etdi. T\u0259siri v\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ri bu g\u00fcn\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r davam ed\u0259n bu hadis\u0259l\u0259r \u00e7ox vaxt m\u00fcasir d\u00f6vr\u00fcn ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c\u0131 kimi qeyd olunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Genuya Respublikas\u0131nda anadan olan Kolumb \u015e\u0259rqi Asiyadan \u0259dviyyat v\u0259 dig\u0259r qiym\u0259tli m\u0259nb\u0259 hesab edil\u0259n Hindistan adalar\u0131na q\u0259rb\u0259 do\u011fru mar\u015frut axtar\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Kastiliya Tac\u0131na (m\u00fcasir \u0130spaniya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259l\u0259fi) \u00fcz\u0259n naviqator idi.\u015e\u0259rq mallar\u0131 yaln\u0131z \u00e7\u0259tin quru yollar\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259ld\u0259 edil\u0259 bil\u0259rdi. Kolumb Asiyan\u0131 ara\u015fd\u0131rmaq h\u0259v\u0259sind\u0259 qism\u0259n 13-c\u00fc \u0259sr italyan k\u0259\u015ffiyyat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Marko Polodan ilhamlanm\u0131\u015f v\u0259 bu i\u015fd\u0259 u\u011fursuzlu\u011funu he\u00e7 vaxt etiraf etm\u0259mi\u015f, durmadan \u015e\u0259rqi Hindistana \u00e7atd\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair ehtimal olunan s\u00fcbutlara istinad etmi\u015f v\u0259 onlara i\u015far\u0259 etmi\u015fdir. O vaxtdan b\u0259ri Baham adalar\u0131 v\u0259 Karib adalar\u0131 Q\u0259rbi Hindistan adlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kolumbun s\u0259yah\u0259tl\u0259ri zaman\u0131 Amerika qit\u0259sind\u0259 yerli amerikal\u0131lar ya\u015fay\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130lk t\u0259masdan q\u0131sa m\u00fcdd\u0259t sonra \u00e7i\u00e7\u0259k kimi Avrasiya x\u0259st\u0259likl\u0259ri yerli \u0259halini m\u0259hv etm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131. Kolumb, Amerikan\u0131n \u0130span f\u0259thinin ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c\u0131nda i\u015ftirak etdi, bu da minl\u0259rl\u0259 yerli \u0259hali il\u0259 q\u0259ddarcas\u0131na r\u0259ftara s\u0259b\u0259b oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kolumb 1506-c\u0131 ild\u0259 v\u0259fat etdi v\u0259 n\u00f6vb\u0259ti il Yeni D\u00fcnya onun b\u0259nz\u0259rsiz bir quru par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu anlayan Ameriqo Vespuc\u00e7inin \u015f\u0259r\u0259fin\u0259 “Amerika” adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Asiyaya q\u0259rb\u0259 do\u011fru mar\u015frut axtar\u0131\u015flar\u0131 1521-ci ild\u0259, ba\u015fqa bir \u0130span s\u0259yah\u0259ti\u00e7isi olan Magellan-Elcanonun ekspedisiyas\u0131 Sakit Okean\u0131 ke\u00e7\u0259r\u0259k C\u0259nub-\u015e\u0259rqi Asiyaya \u00e7atd\u0131qdan, Avropaya qay\u0131td\u0131qdan v\u0259 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk d\u00f6vr\u0259sini tamamlad\u0131qdan sonra tamamland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Xristofor
Xristofor Kolumbun S\u0259yah\u0259tl\u0259ri<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n
\"DIM<\/a>
DIM Blok imtahan sinaq – oxuyan online sinaq<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Xristofor Kolumbun Naviqasiya Planlar\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Asiyaya yeni mar\u015frut ehtiyac\u0131na cavab olaraq, 1480-ci ill\u0259r\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r, Kristofer v\u0259 qarda\u015f\u0131 Bartolomey inan\u0131lan yerd\u0259n birba\u015fa q\u0259rb\u0259 \u00fcz\u0259r\u0259k Hindistana (o zamanlar t\u0259xmin\u0259n b\u00fct\u00fcn c\u0259nub v\u0259 \u015f\u0259rq Asiya kimi t\u0259fsir edilirdi) s\u0259yah\u0259t etm\u0259k plan\u0131 haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015fd\u0131lar. T\u0259xmin\u0259n 1481-ci ild\u0259 Florensiyal\u0131 kosmoqraf Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli Kolumbusa mifik Antillia adas\u0131ndan ba\u015fqa he\u00e7 bir vasit\u0259\u00e7i quru \u0259razisi olmayan bel\u0259 bir mar\u015frutu t\u0259svir ed\u0259n x\u0259rit\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rdi. 1484-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Kanar adalar\u0131n\u0131n La Gomera adas\u0131nda, sonra Kastiliya t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n f\u0259th edil\u0259n Kolumb El Hierronun b\u0259zi sakinl\u0259rind\u0259n q\u0259rbd\u0259 bir qrup ada olmas\u0131 laz\u0131m oldu\u011funu e\u015fitdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avropal\u0131lar\u0131n Yerin d\u00fcz oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Kolumbun plan\u0131na d\u0259st\u0259k almaqda \u00e7\u0259tinlik \u00e7\u0259kdiyin\u0259 dair m\u0259\u015fhur yanl\u0131\u015f fikir, 17-ci \u0259srd\u0259 protestantlar\u0131n katolikliy\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 apard\u0131\u011f\u0131 kampaniyaya gedib \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r v\u0259 Va\u015finqton \u0130rvinqin 1828-ci ild\u0259 Kolumbun t\u0259rc\u00fcmeyi-hal\u0131 kimi \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259 populyarla\u015fd\u0131. \u018fslind\u0259, Yerin sferik olmas\u0131 haqq\u0131nda m\u0259lumat Q\u0259dim Yunan elminin \u00fcmumi r\u0259yi olmaqla geni\u015f yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f v\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn orta \u0259srl\u0259r boyu d\u0259st\u0259k qazanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r (m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, Bede bunu \u201cZaman\u0131n hesablanmas\u0131\u201d \u0259s\u0259rind\u0259 qeyd edir). Kolumbun d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fcn ibtidai d\u0259niz naviqasiyas\u0131 h\u0259m ulduzlara, h\u0259m d\u0259 Yerin \u0259yriliyin\u0259 \u0259saslan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xristofor Kolumbun \u0130lk S\u0259yah\u0259ti (1492-1493)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u015e\u0259rq\u0259 daha q\u0131sa yol tapmaq m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 q\u0259rb\u0259 s\u0259yah\u0259ti \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Kolumb v\u0259 ekipaj\u0131 Xuan de laya m\u0259xsus olan v\u0259 kapitan\u0131 olan Santa Maria adl\u0131 \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fcy\u00fc karrak olan \u00fc\u00e7 orta \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc g\u0259mi g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. Kosa v\u0259 Kolumbun bilavasit\u0259 komandanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda idi. Dig\u0259r ikisi daha ki\u00e7ik karavell\u0259r idi; birinin ad\u0131 itib, lakin o, Pinta l\u0259q\u0259bi il\u0259 tan\u0131n\u0131r. Dig\u0259ri, Santa Klara, Nina (“q\u0131z”) l\u0259q\u0259bini ald\u0131, b\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 sahibi, Moguerd\u0259n olan Xuan Ninoya istinad edilirdi. Pinta v\u0259 Nina, Pinz\u00f3n qarda\u015flar\u0131 (m\u00fcvafiq olaraq Martin Alonso v\u0259 Visente Yanez) t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n idar\u0259 olundu. 3 avqust 1492-ci il s\u0259h\u0259ri Kolumb Palos de la Fronteradan yola d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc v\u0259 Rio Tinto \u00e7ay\u0131ndan en\u0259r\u0259k Atlantik okean\u0131na getdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0259yah\u0259td\u0259n \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra, 6 avqust 1492-ci ild\u0259 Pintan\u0131n s\u00fckan\u0131 q\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Mart\u00edn Alonso Pinz\u00f3n t\u0259xribat g\u0259misinin sahibl\u0259rind\u0259n \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259l\u0259nirdi, \u00e7\u00fcnki onlar s\u0259yah\u0259t\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xmaqdan qorxurdular. Ekipaj 9 avqustda g\u0259ldiyi Kanar adalar\u0131na \u00e7atana q\u0259d\u0259r s\u00fckan\u0131 ipl\u0259rl\u0259 t\u0259min ed\u0259 bildi. Pintan\u0131n s\u00fckan\u0131 Qran Kanariya adas\u0131nda d\u0259yi\u015fdirildi v\u0259 sentyabr\u0131n 2-d\u0259 g\u0259mil\u0259r La Gomera’da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcl\u0259r, burada Nina’n\u0131n latan yelk\u0259nl\u0259ri yenid\u0259n standart kvadrat yelk\u0259nl\u0259r\u0259 d\u0259yi\u015fdirildi. Yekun m\u00fcdd\u0259alar t\u0259min edildi v\u0259 sentyabr\u0131n 6-da g\u0259mil\u0259r San Sebastian de La Qomeradan yola d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcl\u0259r ki, bu, Atlantik okean\u0131 boyunca be\u015f h\u0259ft\u0259lik q\u0259rb\u0259 do\u011fru s\u0259yah\u0259t oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bartolom\u00e9 de las Casas t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f jurnal\u0131n\u0131n x\u00fclas\u0259sind\u0259 t\u0259svir olundu\u011fu kimi, Kolumb xarici s\u0259yah\u0259td\u0259 iki m\u0259saf\u0259 d\u0259stini qeyd etdi: biri ad\u0259t\u0259n istifad\u0259 etdiyi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u0259rd\u0259, dig\u0259ri is\u0259 ekipaj\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n istifad\u0259 edil\u0259n Portuqaliya d\u0259niz liqalar\u0131nda idi.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Xristofor
Xristofor Kolumbun S\u0259yah\u0259tl\u0259ri<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Amerikaya \u0130lk Eni\u015f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

13 sentyabr 1492-ci ild\u0259 Kolumb kompas iyn\u0259sinin art\u0131q \u015eimal Ulduzunu g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259diyini m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 etdi. Bir vaxtlar Kolumbun maqnit meylini k\u0259\u015ff etdiyin\u0259 inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131, lakin sonradan bu fenomenin h\u0259m Avropada, h\u0259m d\u0259 \u00c7ind\u0259 art\u0131q m\u0259lum oldu\u011fu g\u00f6st\u0259rildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

29 g\u00fcn qurudan k\u0259narda qald\u0131qdan sonra, 7 oktyabr 1492-ci ild\u0259 ekipaj “b\u00f6y\u00fck qu\u015f s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259ri” g\u00f6rd\u00fc. D\u0259niz\u00e7il\u0259r b\u0259zil\u0259rini t\u0259l\u0259y\u0259 sald\u0131lar v\u0259 “tarla” qu\u015flar\u0131 (ehtimal ki, Eskimos q\u0131vr\u0131mlar\u0131 v\u0259 Amerika q\u0131z\u0131l plovlar\u0131) olduqlar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259yin etdil\u0259r. Kolumb onlar\u0131n u\u00e7u\u015funu izl\u0259m\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kursunu d\u0259yi\u015fdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oktyabr\u0131n 11-d\u0259 Kolumb donanman\u0131n istiqam\u0259tini q\u0259rb\u0259 do\u011fru d\u0259yi\u015fdi v\u0259 torpa\u011f\u0131n tezlikl\u0259 tap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na inanaraq gec\u0259 yelk\u0259ni ba\u011flad\u0131. Ax\u015fam saat 10:00 rad\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 Kolumb “bir az qalx\u0131b en\u0259n mum \u015fam\u0131 kimi” bir i\u015f\u0131q g\u00f6rd\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fc z\u0259nn etdi. D\u00f6rd saat sonra Rodriqo de Triana adl\u0131 d\u0259niz\u00e7i quruya baxd\u0131. Pinta g\u0259misind\u0259 idi. Triana d\u0259rhal ekipaj\u0131n qalan \u00fczvl\u0259rini q\u0131\u015fq\u0131raraq x\u0259b\u0259rdar etdi v\u0259 g\u0259minin kapitan\u0131 Mart\u00edn Alonso Pinz\u00f3n quruda m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 edildiyini yoxlad\u0131 v\u0259 lombard\u0131 at\u0259\u015f ed\u0259r\u0259k Kolumbu x\u0259b\u0259rdar etdi. Kolumb daha sonra ilk d\u0259f\u0259 torpaq g\u00f6rd\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fc iddia etdi v\u0259 bel\u0259likl\u0259 v\u0259d edilmi\u015f illik 10.000 maraved\u00ed m\u00fckafat\u0131n\u0131 qazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kolumb bu aday\u0131 indiki Baham adalar\u0131nda San Salvador adland\u0131rd\u0131; yerli ad\u0131 Quanahani idi.Samuel Eliot Morisona g\u00f6r\u0259, San Salvador Adas\u0131 Kolumbun jurnal\u0131nda g\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259n m\u00f6vqey\u0259 uy\u011fun g\u0259l\u0259n yegan\u0259 adad\u0131r. Kolumb 12 oktyabr 1492-ci il tarixli jurnal\u0131nda ilk d\u0259f\u0259 rastla\u015fd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerli \u0259hali haqq\u0131nda yaz\u0131rd\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6rd\u00fcy\u00fcm bir \u00e7ox ki\u015fil\u0259rin b\u0259d\u0259nl\u0259rind\u0259 \u00e7ap\u0131qlar var v\u0259 m\u0259n bunun nec\u0259 ba\u015f verdiyini \u00f6yr\u0259nm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn onlara i\u015far\u0259l\u0259r etdikd\u0259, dig\u0259r yax\u0131n adalardan insanlar\u0131n onlar\u0131 tutmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn San Salvadora g\u0259ldiyini bildirdil\u0259r; bacard\u0131qlar\u0131 q\u0259d\u0259r \u00f6zl\u0259rini m\u00fcdafi\u0259 edirl\u0259r. \u0130nan\u0131ram ki, materikd\u0259n insanlar onlar\u0131 qul kimi aparma\u011fa g\u0259lirl\u0259r. Onlardan yax\u015f\u0131 v\u0259 bacar\u0131ql\u0131 qulluq\u00e7ular yeti\u015fdirilm\u0259lidir, \u00e7\u00fcnki onlara n\u0259 des\u0259k, \u00e7ox tez t\u0259krarlay\u0131rlar. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u0259m ki, onlar\u0131 \u00e7ox asanl\u0131qla xristian etm\u0259k olar, \u00e7\u00fcnki onlar\u0131n dini yoxdur. \u018fg\u0259r R\u0259bbimiz raz\u0131 olarsa, m\u0259n ged\u0259nd\u0259 onlardan alt\u0131 n\u0259f\u0259rini \u018flah\u0259zr\u0259tl\u0259rinin h\u00fczuruna aparaca\u011fam ki, dilimizi \u00f6yr\u0259nsinl\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xristofor Kolumbun ikinci s\u0259yah\u0259ti(1493-1496)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kinci s\u0259yah\u0259tin bildirilmi\u015f m\u0259qs\u0259di yerli amerikal\u0131lara xristianl\u0131\u011f\u0131 q\u0259bul etdirm\u0259k idi. Kolumb \u0130spaniyan\u0131 t\u0259rk etm\u0259zd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l Ferdinand v\u0259 \u0130zabella t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n yerli \u0259hali il\u0259 mehriban, h\u0259tta sevgi dolu m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259r saxlamaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn g\u00f6st\u0259ri\u015f verdi. O, 25 sentyabr 1493-c\u00fc ild\u0259 \u0130spaniyan\u0131n Kadis \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259n yola d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kinci s\u0259yah\u0259t \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn donanma daha b\u00f6y\u00fck idi: iki naos v\u0259 15 karavel. Nina bu ekspedisiya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qay\u0131d\u0131b Pinta adl\u0131 g\u0259mini g\u00f6rm\u0259k ist\u0259yirdi, hans\u0131 ki, birinci ekspedisiya il\u0259 eyni idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xristofor Kolumbun \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc S\u0259yah\u0259ti (1498-1500)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Kolumbun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0259yah\u0259tinin ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c n\u00f6qt\u0259si olan Sanl\u00facar de Barrameda’n\u0131n yeri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bartolom\u00e9 de Las Casas t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n haz\u0131rlanan Kolumb jurnal\u0131n\u0131n abstrakt\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0259yah\u0259tin m\u0259qs\u0259di Portuqaliya kral\u0131 II \u0130ohann\u0131n Kape Verde adalar\u0131n\u0131n c\u0259nub-q\u0259rbind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fdiyini ir\u0259li s\u00fcrd\u00fcy\u00fc bir qit\u0259nin m\u00f6vcudlu\u011funu yoxlamaq idi. M\u0259lumata g\u00f6r\u0259, Kral Con bel\u0259 bir materikin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan x\u0259b\u0259rdar idi, \u00e7\u00fcnki “Qvineya sahill\u0259rind\u0259n yola \u00e7\u0131xan v\u0259 mallarla q\u0259rb\u0259 \u00fcz\u0259n kanolar tap\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131.”\u0130talyan k\u0259\u015ffiyyat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Con Kabot y\u0259qin ki, ona \u00e7atd\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. onun eni\u015f yeri m\u00fcbahis\u0259li olsa da, 1497-ci ilin iyununda Amerika qit\u0259sinin materik hiss\u0259si idi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

30 may 1498-ci ild\u0259 Kolumbun Amerikaya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0259f\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0130spaniyan\u0131n Sanlucar \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259n alt\u0131 g\u0259mi yola d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc. G\u0259mil\u0259rd\u0259n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc \u00e7ox ehtiyac duyulan l\u0259vazimatlarla birba\u015fa Hispaniolaya yolland\u0131, Kolumb is\u0259 dig\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7 g\u0259mini art\u0131q ziyar\u0259t etdiyi Karib adalar\u0131n\u0131n c\u0259nubunda n\u0259l\u0259rin ola bil\u0259c\u0259yini, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n kontinental Asiyaya \u00fcmid edil\u0259n ke\u00e7idi k\u0259\u015ff etm\u0259y\u0259 getdi. Kolumb \u00f6z donanmas\u0131n\u0131 arvad\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259t\u0259ni olan Portuqaliyan\u0131n Porto Santo adas\u0131na apard\u0131. Daha sonra o, Madeyraya \u00fczd\u00fc v\u0259 Kanar adalar\u0131 v\u0259 Kabo-Verdey\u0259 \u00fczm\u0259d\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l Portuqaliya kapitan\u0131 Jo\u00e3o Gon\u00e7alves da Camara il\u0259 bir m\u00fcdd\u0259t orada qald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130yulun 13-d\u0259 Kolumbun donanmas\u0131 Atlantik okean\u0131n\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0259tin v\u0259ziyy\u0259t\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc, burada bir ne\u00e7\u0259 g\u00fcn g\u00f6zl\u0259dil\u0259r, istilik onlar\u0131n g\u0259mil\u0259rin\u0259, qidalar\u0131na v\u0259 su t\u0259chizat\u0131na ziyan vurdu. N\u0259hay\u0259t, \u015f\u0259rq k\u00fcl\u0259yi onlar\u0131 q\u0259rb\u0259 do\u011fru it\u0259l\u0259di, bu, iyulun 22-d\u0259k davam etdi, c\u0259nub-q\u0259rbd\u0259n \u015fimal-\u015f\u0259rq\u0259 u\u00e7an qu\u015flar g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc v\u0259 donanma Dominika istiqam\u0259tind\u0259 \u015fimala d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Donanma iyulun 31-d\u0259 c\u0259nub-\u015f\u0259rqd\u0259n yax\u0131nla\u015fan Trinidad torpa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Donanma c\u0259nub sahili boyunca \u00fcz\u0259r\u0259k, Soldado qayas\u0131 yax\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda (\u0130kakos Pointin q\u0259rbind\u0259, Trinidad\u0131n \u0259n c\u0259nub-q\u0259rb n\u00f6qt\u0259si) l\u00f6vb\u0259r salaraq \u018fjdahan\u0131n A\u011fz\u0131na girdi v\u0259 burada kanoel\u0259rd\u0259 bir qrup amerikal\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259 saxlad\u0131lar.1 avqustda Kolumb v\u0259 onun adamlar\u0131 m\u00fcasir Venesuela b\u00f6lg\u0259sind\u0259 C\u0259nubi Amerikan\u0131n Orinoko \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259ns\u0259bin\u0259 yax\u0131n \u0259raziy\u0259 g\u0259ldil\u0259r. Kolumb topoqrafiyadan onun qit\u0259nin materik hiss\u0259si oldu\u011funu ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc, lakin onu otro mundo (\u201cba\u015fqa d\u00fcnya\u201d) kimi t\u0259svir ed\u0259rk\u0259n onun Asiya v\u0259 b\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 Yer c\u0259nn\u0259ti oldu\u011funa inan\u0131rd\u0131. Avqustun 2-d\u0259 onlar yerli \u0259hali il\u0259 \u015fidd\u0259tli toqqu\u015fmadan az f\u0259rql\u0259 qa\u00e7araq m\u00fcasir Trinidad\u0131n \u0130cacos Point-\u0259 (Kolumbun Punta de Arenal ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi) endi. Avqustun 4-d\u0259 s\u0259h\u0259r saatlar\u0131nda sunamiy\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 Kolumbun g\u0259misini az qala a\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. Donanma Pariya k\u00f6rf\u0259zi \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259n ke\u00e7\u0259r\u0259k avqustun 5-d\u0259 Paria yar\u0131madas\u0131nda C\u0259nubi Amerikan\u0131n materikin\u0259 endi. Bir ay davam ed\u0259n yuxusuzluqdan \u0259ziyy\u0259t \u00e7\u0259k\u0259n v\u0259 qanl\u0131 g\u00f6zl\u0259rind\u0259n g\u00f6rm\u0259 qabiliyy\u0259tini itir\u0259n Kolumb, dig\u0259r donanma kapitanlar\u0131na \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 sahil\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xma\u011fa icaz\u0259 verdi: biri xa\u00e7 \u0259kdi, dig\u0259ri is\u0259 Kolumbun sonradan \u0130spaniyaya \u0259yal\u0259ti r\u0259smi \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yer\u0259 endiyini qeyd etdi. Onlar daha da q\u0259rb\u0259 do\u011fru \u00fczd\u00fcl\u0259r, burada mirvaril\u0259ri g\u00f6r\u0259n Kolumb q\u0131z\u0131l olmasa da, b\u0259zil\u0259rini almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn adamlar g\u00f6nd\u0259rdi. Yerlil\u0259r Kolumb \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yeni olan qar\u011f\u0131dal\u0131 \u015f\u0259rab\u0131 da daxil olmaqla m\u00fcxt\u0259lif qidalar verdil\u0259r. G\u0259misind\u0259 olan yem\u0259kl\u0259r xarab olmadan \u0259vv\u0259l Hispaniolaya \u00e7atmaq m\u0259cburiyy\u0259tind\u0259 qalan Kolumb onlar\u0131n k\u00f6rf\u0259zd\u0259 \u00fczd\u00fckl\u0259rini v\u0259 \u015firin su \u0259ld\u0259 etdikd\u0259n sonra yenid\u0259n a\u00e7\u0131q sulara \u00e7atmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u015f\u0259rq\u0259 qay\u0131tmal\u0131 olduqlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fkar ed\u0259r\u0259k m\u0259yus oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u0259nizd\u0259 kvadrantla m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259l\u0259r aparan Kolumb, \u015eimal Ulduzunun sutkal\u0131q h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tinin q\u00fctb radiusunu qeyri-d\u0259qiq olaraq be\u015f d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259 \u00f6l\u00e7d\u00fc, daha \u015fimaldan etdiyi ba\u015fqa bir s\u0259hv oxunu\u015fun d\u0259y\u0259rini iki qat art\u0131rd\u0131. Bu, onu Yerin fiqurunu armud \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 t\u0259svir etm\u0259y\u0259 vadar etdi, “sap” hiss\u0259si C\u0259nn\u0259t\u0259 do\u011fru y\u00fcks\u0259ldi. (\u018fslind\u0259, Yer k\u00fcr\u0259si armud \u015f\u0259klind\u0259dir, “sap\u0131” \u015fimala bax\u0131r.) Sonra o, \u00c7aka\u00e7akare v\u0259 Marqarita adalar\u0131na \u00fczd\u00fc (14 avqustda sonuncuya \u00e7atd\u0131). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0259hh\u0259ti pis olan Kolumb avqustun 19-da Hispaniolaya qay\u0131td\u0131, ancaq yeni koloniyan\u0131n bir \u00e7ox ispan m\u0259skunla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n onun hakimiyy\u0259tin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 \u00fcsyan etdiyini v\u0259 Kolumbun onlar\u0131 tapacaqlar\u0131 g\u00fcman edil\u0259n z\u0259ngin s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259r bar\u0259d\u0259 aldatd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etdiyini g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Bir s\u0131ra geri qay\u0131dan k\u00f6\u00e7k\u00fcnl\u0259r v\u0259 d\u0259niz\u00e7il\u0259r Kolumbun \u0259leyhin\u0259 \u0130span m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259sind\u0259 lobbi\u00e7ilik etdil\u0259r, onu v\u0259 qarda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 kobud idar\u0259etm\u0259d\u0259 ittiham etdil\u0259r. Kolumb hey\u0259tind\u0259n b\u0259zil\u0259rini ita\u0259tsizlikl\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 asd\u0131rd\u0131. Hispaniola yerlil\u0259rinin \u0259sar\u0259t alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131nda onun iqtisadi mara\u011f\u0131 var idi v\u0259 bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n onlar\u0131 v\u0259ftiz etm\u0259y\u0259 h\u0259v\u0259sli deyildi ki, bu da b\u0259zi kils\u0259 xadiml\u0259rinin t\u0259nqidin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b oldu. Kolumb sonda \u00fcsyankar kolonistl\u0259rin al\u00e7ald\u0131c\u0131 \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259ri il\u0259 bar\u0131\u015fma\u011fa m\u0259cbur oldu. 1500-c\u00fc i qubernator v\u0259zif\u0259sind\u0259n uzaqla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, h\u0259bs edildi v\u0259 z\u0259ncirl\u0259 \u0130spaniyaya apar\u0131ld\u0131. N\u0259hay\u0259t, o, azad edildi v\u0259 Amerikaya qay\u0131tma\u011fa icaz\u0259 verildi, lakin qubernator kimi yox. 1499-cu ild\u0259 portuqaliyal\u0131 t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131 Vasko da Qama ilk s\u0259yah\u0259tind\u0259n Hindistana qay\u0131d\u0131b, Afrikan\u0131n c\u0259nub ucundan \u015f\u0259rq\u0259 \u00fcz\u0259r\u0259k Asiyaya d\u0259niz yolunu a\u00e7\u0131b.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Italyan k\u0259\u015ffiyyat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Kristofer Kolumb Amerika qit\u0259sin\u0259 k\u0259\u015ff \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u00f6rd \u0130span transatlantik d\u0259niz ekspedisiyas\u0131na r\u0259hb\u0259rlik etmi\u015fdir. <\/p>\n

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